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You are here: Home / Archives for caffeine

5 Ways Coffee Fights Cancer

September 2, 2013 By Kate Heyhoe

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SuperheroCoffeeCancer2

Will coffee help keep you cancer-free? Possibly.

Coffee reduces the risk of certain cancers, according to the American Institute for Cancer Research. Of course, there’s no guarantee that a coffee habit will ensure a cancer-free life: cancers are complex and for that matter, coffee’s got its own mysteries. But mounting evidence suggests moderate coffee drinking may help reduce the risks of these cancers:

  • Basal Cell Carcinoma (the most common form of skin cancer)
  • Colorectal Cancer
  • Prostate Cancer
  • Kidney Cancer
  • Liver Cancer
  • Oral Cancer

What’s in coffee that prevents cancer?

Coffee’s considered a good scavenger of free radicals, because it’s rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals. Antioxidants neutralize chemicals (free radicals) that may damage body tissues. Phytochemicals are non-essential nutrients that plants develop for defense, protection, and disease-prevention. Phytochemicals include flavonoids, lignans and phenolic acid. Among the caffeine-rich foods we enjoy, tea and chocolate are rich with these compounds, but based on current research, coffee is the wealthiest.

5 Compounds in Coffee That Fight Cancer

Studies show that at least five compounds in coffee help reduce cancer risk:

Chlorogenic acid – This antioxidant compound is the major phenol in coffee. It’s technically an ester formed between quinic acid and caffeic acid. Caffeic acid is its main component; lab studies show it increases self-destruction of cancer cells and reduces inflammation. Chlorogenic acid’s antioxidants may be slightly lower in decaf and in instant coffee, but they’re still abundant. Quinic acid contributes to the acidic taste of coffee and is another phytochemical with antioxidant benefits.

Cafestol and kahweol – These fat-soluble compounds are extracted from coffee’s oils during brewing and are most available in unfiltered coffee (as in French press or boiled coffee; to drink more of these compounds, don’t use paper filters). Studies suggest kahweol and cafestol stimulate enzymes that neutralize carcinogens and block the proteins that activate carcinogens.

Caffeine – Everyone knows caffeine acts as a stimulant. It’s also a powerful antioxidant. Caffeine appears to reduce the risk for basal cell carcinoma (the most common form of skin cancer), though not for other skin cancers. Studies also show that caffeinated coffee, tea and soda reduce the risk; decaffeinated versions do not. Don’t stop applying sunscreen, experts advise, but caffeine appears to act like a sunscreen by directly absorbing damaging UV rays and blocking ATR, a protein activated by ultraviolet light.

Caffeine also reduces the risk of colorectal cancer risk. Researchers believe caffeine speeds carcinogens’ passage through the digestive tract, reducing exposure to these substances. Caffeine may also influence cell signaling to decrease colorectal cancer development.

NMB – N-methylpyridinium (NMB) appears to boost the potency of antioxidants, but it doesn’t occur with raw beans. It’s created during the roasting process, from trigonellin, its chemical precursor in raw coffee beans. NMB is present in both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, including instant.

Contrary to early studies, current research provides good evidence that moderate coffee drinking does not increase cancer risks in most people, and instead may reduce cancer risks.

Coffee Dosage for Cancer-Prevention

How much coffee does it take to get its cancer-fighting benefits? Each study varies in consumption. Some found benefits with as little as one to two cups a day, others averaged four cups, and none of the studies reported benefits when consumption exceeded six cups a day. (Six cups is considered a high dose, and risky for heart and other conditions.) Benefits didn’t happen overnight. Participants generally had a history of several years, if not decades, of daily coffee consumption. (Some research was replicated as lab and cell studies, others as human studies.)

Bottom line:

In the U.S., most coffee drinkers drink from one to three cups a day. If you enjoy coffee, you may be getting cancer-fighting benefits, as long as your daily habit stays within reason, and remains below six cups a day.

* * *

Further reading:

Foods That Fight Cancer: Coffee

Study: Coffee May Reduce Risk of Oral Cancer

Study: Coffee Consumption Reduces Risk of Oral Cancer

Highly Active Compound Found In Coffee May Prevent Colon Cancer

Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Cancers: An Overview

Coffee May Protect Against Skin Cancer

Coffee: Chemistry in Every Cup

Cancer Fighters: A Guide to Phytochemicals (American Institute for Cancer Research)

Filed Under: Buzz, Coffee, Health Effects Tagged With: caffeine, cancer, carcinoma, coffee, health, phytochemical

Why Bees Buzz to Caffeine

July 2, 2013 By Kate Heyhoe

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BeeRedFlower2As it turns out, bees like caffeine. Maybe that’s why they buzz…

Bees, as we know, are important for pollination and help ensure plant species survival. Apparently, as with humans, caffeine is attractive to bees in moderate levels, but it’s toxic in high levels. Is this nature’s way of getting bees addicted to certain plants?

Bees Self-Regulate Their Caffeine

Given a choice, bees will select mildly caffeinated nectar over non-caffeinated nectar. Bees also prefer nectar with some nicotine, another stimulant that can be toxic to other insects and animals. But when levels of caffeine and nicotine are higher than found in nature, these substances become toxic to bees.

In 2010, the University of Haifa released a study indicating bees prefer nectar with small amounts of caffeine. Floral nectars vary in their concentration of sugars and other substances. Caffeine amounts vary, too, and are most highly concentrated in citrus flowers; grapefruit flowers have about six times the caffeine as other citrus – and bees find citrus, especially grapefruit, to be quite fetching.

Researchers offered bees artificial nectars with varying levels of natural sugars, caffeine and nicotine, alongside “clean” nectar that comprised sugar alone. The caffeine and nicotine ranged from typical concentrations found naturally, to high concentrations not found in nature.

Bees clearly preferred nectar containing nicotine and caffeine to the “clean” nectar, but only when concentrations were similar to those found in nature. Given the choice of higher levels of caffeine and nicotine versus clean nectar, the bees preferred the clean nectar.

Do Bees Get Hooked on Caffeine?

“This could be an evolutionary development intended, as in humans, to make the bee addicted,” states Prof. Ido Izhaki, one of the researchers who conducted the study.

So did addictive (or addictive-like) substances in nectar evolve to make pollination more likely and efficient? Based on the results of the study, researchers surmise the plants that raced to the top of the natural-selection class are ones who developed “correct” levels of these addictive substances. They hit the sweet spot, enabling them to attract bees but not repel them, thereby giving them a significant advantage over other plants. The researchers emphasized that this study has proved a preference, not addiction, and they are examining whether bees do indeed become addicted to nicotine and caffeine.

    • Nicotine is found naturally in floral nectar at a concentration of up to 2.5 milligrams per liter, primarily in various types of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca).
    • Caffeine is found at concentration levels of 11-17.5 milligrams per liter, mostly in citrus flowers, (and of course in coffee, tea and cacao plants).
    • In the nectar of grapefruit flowers, however, caffeine is present in much higher concentrations, reaching 94.2 milligrams per liter.
    • For comparison, an 8-ounce cup of coffee contains about 100 milligrams of caffeine.

BeePurpleFlowerKHTurning to Bee Brains for Answers

Interestingly, the report above led to a more recent study, announced in 2013, which shows that naturally caffeinated nectar enhances the bees’ learning process. In other words, caffeine trains bee brains to come back for more.

Bee Brains Remember the Buzz

In this study, caffeine improved the bees’ ability to remember and locate a caffeinated scent; it triggered brain activities involved with memory and olfactory learning. (Other studies on humans show caffeine improves some forms of memory, can be habit-forming, and activates the reward centers of our brains. I’ve also observed that just the smell of coffee puts people in a better mood.)

Essentially, the plant uses caffeine as a drug to change a pollinator’s behavior – for the plant’s own benefit. Geraldine Wright is a honeybee brain specialist – yes, there is such a thing – at Newcastle University in England. She and her colleagues reported their findings in Science (March 2013).

No Tiny Swizzle Sticks?

In the experiments, the plants stir up a sort of nectar-cocktail of chemicals, ones that the bees like and remember; in this case it’s a cocktail splashed with caffeine.

“The trick here is actually to influence the memorability of the signal using a psychoactive drug. And that’s a new trick in the book for plants,” said Dr. Lars Chittka, a bee researcher (not involved in Wright’s study), as reported in the New York Times.

It’s a win-win situation: plants serve their customers tasty nectar, and their customers pollinate the species. The tastier the nectar, the more the bees return to that species of plant.

In Dr. Wright’s lab, caffeine appeared to have a notable effect on memory, and this affected the bees’ behavior. The researchers tested the bees using sugar water – plain and caffeinated – as the rewards. As the New York Times reports:

“If you put a low dose of caffeine in the reward when you teach them this task, and the amount is similar to what we drink when we have weak coffee, they just don’t forget that the odor is associated with the reward,” she said. After 24 hours, three times as many bees remembered the connection between odor and reward if the reward contained caffeine. After 72 hours, twice as many remembered. They then tested the effect of caffeine on neurons in the bee brain and found that its action could lead to more sensitivity in neurons called Kenyon cells, which are involved in learning and memory. Dr. Wright said that this was one plausible route for enhancing memory, but was not definitive.”

The results go beyond whether bees prefer caffeine to decaf. The bees learned to like and want caffeine, and even just the odor triggered a response. According to researchers, this appears to confirm the notion that brain chemistry has intrinsic similarities across the animal kingdom. It is, as one scientist said, “like learning the language of the brain.”

It doesn’t mean caffeine sparks the same memory and learning reactions in humans, but it might.

For more on this topic, check out:

  • Caffeine in Floral Nectar Enhances a Pollinator’s Memory of Reward
  • Nectar That Gives Bees a Buzz Lures Them Back for More (New York Times)

The study’s summary:

Caffeine improves memory in humans, millions of whom find that their daily dose enhances clarity, focus, and alertness. The human relationship with caffeine is relatively recent, however, and thus its impact on our brains is likely a by-product of its true ecological role. Caffeine occurs naturally in the floral nectar of Coffea and Citrus plants. Wright et al. (p. 1202; see the Perspective by Chittka and Peng) found that caffeine presented at naturalistic levels significantly improved the ability of bees to remember and locate a learned floral scent and potentiated the responses of neurons involved in olfactory learning and memory.

(I’m not sure I agree that the human-caffeine relationship is relatively recent; other scientists suggest caffeine may have been part of our evolution since early man. But daily, widespread caffeine use in our species is certainly more recent.)

Filed Under: Buzz Tagged With: addiction, bee, caffeine, habit, plant, research

Brain Candy: Sugar May Boost Coffee’s Effects

June 6, 2013 By Kate Heyhoe

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Caffeine and glucose makes some brain tasks more efficient

MRI: Caffeine + sugar combo = more brain efficiency (seen here as neural activity), with same productive results.

Sugar + caffeine = synergy? Combo boosts memory + attention, says one study. 

Glucose and caffeine boost brain tasks: Sugar-sweetened coffee improves working memory and sustained attention, according to a study published in 2010 by University of Barcelona researchers. They found that glucose (in the form of sugar) and caffeine boost brain function more when taken together than they do separately.

Caffeine and Glucose Synergy

MRI brain scans measured forty test subjects under four conditions: coffee alone, coffee with sugar, sugar alone, and plain water. The subjects were asked to perform certain tasks associated with sustained attention and working memory. Individuals who consumed caffeine and glucose in combination showed no drop in their performance of the tasks, while the areas of the brain associated with these tasks showed reduced activity; in other words, the brain was more efficient. The brain on sugar and caffeine needs fewer resources to produce the same level of performance. Subjects who took only caffeine, glucose or water did not show the same efficiency in brain activity.

An earlier study on caffeine and glucose taken together showed improvements in attention span and declarative memory, suggesting that a combination of caffeine and glucose may benefit attention, learning and verbal memory, none of which were observed when the substances were consumed separately.

What about energy drinks? A smaller study of twenty participants measured glucose and caffeine synergy using energy drinks. Compared with a placebo, an energy drink containing caffeine, glucose, and flavored with ginseng and ginko biloba resulted in significantly improved performance on “secondary memory” and “speed of attention” tasks, but without other cognitive or mood effects. The researchers noted that glucose and caffeine taken separately would not produce the same results. They concluded there is synergy between glucose and caffeine, one that merits further investigation.

Filed Under: Buzz, Caffeine Effects Tagged With: brain, caffeine, coffee, health effects, memory, sugar

Hit-and-Run Driver Pleads “Starbucks Defense”

June 4, 2013 By Kate Heyhoe

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NobleMugshot

Caffeine and bipolar disorder caused Daniel Noble’s reckless driving spree.

True story: Excessive caffeine, a mental disorder, and no sleep lead to tragic consequences…

At 7:30 on the morning of December 8, 2009, Daniel Noble drove his gold Pontiac onto the University of Washington campus and without hesitation, plowed down a student in a crosswalk. One block later, Noble drove up onto the sidewalk and struck another young man. Again, Noble didn’t stop. He drove ahead and parked on the same road in the middle of campus, less than 200 yards from his second victim. Both men’s legs were broken. Noble had knocked them right out their shoes. One shoe was later found high in a tree.

Noble, wearing pajamas and slippers, stepped out of his car and began walking to a nearby building. The car was as shattered as his victims. The windshield had imploded, bearing a gaping hole and crackled veins on every surface. A dent the size of a person marred the roof. Hair and a small piece of scalp peeked out from the weather stripping on the driver’s side door. Officers later said it was a miracle no one else had been hurt.

Normal Guy Snaps

Noble stood 6’1″, and weighed 300 pounds. His dark brown hair, fashionably cropped in the upright, spiky style of the times, stood out in all directions. As officers approached him, they could hear Noble swearing and rambling incoherently. When they tried to arrest him, he became argumentative. A struggle ensued. One officer wrestled Noble to the ground. Noble fought back so fiercely, they had to taser him into submission.

Everyone, from his wife to his colleagues, was stunned by Noble’s behavior. He was a financial analyst for the University of Idaho Foundation and bore no history of mental instability or criminal behavior. He often started his day at 4:00 AM. He was a hard working, regular guy.

What could possibly cause Noble to go bonkers?

Was It the Caffeine or the Combination?

Caffeine was at the heart of the defense team’s reasoning. To great public surprise, they won the case. But caffeine alone wasn’t the whole story.

A number of witnesses had testified on Noble’s behalf. The barista at the local Starbucks said Noble was a normal, regular customer. But he’d shown up that fateful, near-freezing morning in pajamas, with no cell phone, and ordered two large coffees. Noble’s wife said he started to act peculiar two or three days before. He gradually got worse. He’d been working long hours in recent weeks to finish up the foundation’s budget, and wasn’t sleeping well at night. He drank coffee and energy drinks to keep going.

Medical experts diagnosed Noble as suffering from a rare form of bipolar disorder – triggered by heavy consumption of caffeine. In other words, Noble had suffered temporary insanity caused by caffeine psychosis. That diagnosis was key to Noble’s defense.

The judge dismissed the charges after concluding Noble was unable to form the mental intent to commit a crime. Noble was released but ordered to receive mental treatment, and not to drive or consume caffeine.

Victim Faces Long Recovery

Meanwhile, the injured students recovered, despite painful and long-lasting injuries.

The 19-year old freshman, Neil Waldbjorn, was hit especially hard. The accident “broke two bones in his right leg, two bones in his left arm, ripped muscles and tendons off the bone in his left leg, and damaged his lungs and spleen so badly that he spent six days in an intensive-care unit,” reported wenatcheeworld.com. Months later, he was still in physical therapy.

Hogun Hahm also suffered a broken leg, and soon after returned to his home in South Korea.

No doubt either victim felt Noble’s caffeine consumption was a justifiable defense, but even a normally benign drug like caffeine can have serious consequences, especially when mental stability is already compromised.

A Caffeine Buzz Gets Out of Control

Some would argue against the merits of Daniel Noble’s legal defense, but the case raises an important question about the world’s most widely consumed drug: Under what conditions can caffeine become a dangerous substance?

In Noble’s case, faulty neural wiring (bipolar disorder) in combination with the overuse of caffeine flipped his mental state upside down. He lost control, and didn’t even remember what he had done.

Caffeine is complex, and not everyone responds the same way, as this true story shows. Caffeine has many benefits when taken in low to moderate doses. But it’s still a potent drug and impacts the central nervous system, including the brain.

To find out how caffeine works, jump over to Caffeine Basics, my online book – it’s free and uploaded chapter-by-chapter at CaffeineAndYou.com.

[NOTE: Chapter 8 – Habit, Safety and Addiction is being updated with new information from the American Psychiatric Association’s just released Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). I’ll upload that chapter soon, as it relates directly to this Starbuck’s Defense post.]

***

So, what do you think? Was Noble’s sentence just, did the judge rule fairly? Was caffeine at the heart of his condition, or was this an excuse? Leave a comment and chime in.

Filed Under: Buzz, Caffeine Effects Tagged With: caffeine, coffee, energy drink, health effects, mental health, Starbucks

Colgate Patents Caffeine-Releasing Toothbrush

May 16, 2013 By Kate Heyhoe

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ColgateBrush

Too lazy to make coffee? You’re in luck. Colgate’s designed a toothbrush that releases caffeine as you brush.

It could also dispense meds, Benzocaine for teething infants, or an appetite suppressant, says the company. Or it could simply deliver groovy taste sensations. But don’t race over to Walgreen’s just yet: this invention isn’t released, but it is filed with the U.S. Patent Office.

Colgate-Palmolive’s plans show a patch on the brush, designed to slowly release a substance with repeated uses over time. Each patch would visually indicate its function – such as flames for cinnamon, a leaf for aloe vera, or (my favorite) a lightning bolt for tingling sensations. Zap!

The material could be released in several ways – by abrasion, temperature swing, a change in pH or by dissolution.

Add to Wish-List

And why do we need this? Colgate’s patent application notes:

While consumers may seek to clean their tongue or teeth, there has not been a toothbrush which provides a chemical sensory response in a mouth to enhance a user’s brushing experience. Further, consumers have not been provided with a visual method to select a toothbrush which provides a sensory response. Hence, there is a need for a toothbrush that provides a biochemical sensory effect when in contact tissues of the mouth and supports a method to visually communicate the sensory effect to a user prior to use. 

So I wonder…If kids can develop cravings for caffeinated sodas, could they also get addicted to caffeinated toothbrushing? Who knows: there may be an upside to Colgate’s contraption, and a boost for those who really need to work on their oral hygiene.

Click to see patent diagrams and application for Colgate Palmolive Company’s Oral Care Implement No. US 20130048020 A1.

 

Filed Under: Buzz Tagged With: caffeine, product, toothbrush

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About Kate Heyhoe

I'm an author and journalist specializing in food and cooking. Caffeine Basics is my ninth book. I've written about the U.S. wine industry, international foods, shrinking your "cookprint," and cooking with kids. Great Bar Food at Home was a James Beard Award finalist, and Cooking Green: Reducing … More

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