safety | Caffeine and You

Taking Risks: Energy Drinks and Alcohol

January 3, 2013 By Kate Heyhoe

Got a thirst? Need a boost? Slurp down a can, or two – or more – of a refreshing, cold energy drink. Within minutes, moderate to high amounts of caffeine are churning through your brain and body. A moderate dose can be safe, even desirable. Too much caffeine, though, and you get the shakes, hands tremble, heartbeat races, and caffeine intoxication takes over. Like alcohol, the effects are intense, and they diminish over time.

This 16-ounce can of Xenergy contains 208 mg caffeine, considered very high; a same size Coke has 45 mg

Then there’s the problem of mixing caffeine with alcohol. Energy drinks and alcohol together are double-trouble. Caffeine does not reduce the effects of alcohol. You may feel more alert, but you’re just as impaired by the alcohol.

Studies have found that the combination of energy drinks and alcohol is more dangerous than drinking alcohol alone; caffeine’s stimulating buzz makes people less aware of being drunk. They perceive themselves as more in control than they really are; they’re likely to drink more alcohol, or feel confident about driving safely, for instance.

The effects go beyond mental perception; the physical risks are real, too. Caffeine is a stimulant. Alcohol is a depressant. Together they send mixed messages to the nervous system and the heart. The combination is especially risky for people with heart rhythm problems.

Teen deaths have been attributed to minor or undiagnosed cardiac problems and high caffeine, delivered in extreme doses by energy drinks. High levels of caffeine can boost heart rate and blood pressure in some people, causing palpitations. Some teens weren’t yet aware they had cardiac conditions, which under normal circumstances had never proved problematic.

Energy Drink Regulations Teeter on Teen Safety

Energy drinks make high caffeine consumption easy, especially in young people.

When energy drinks were linked to teenage deaths, the FDA became pressured to increase regulation and even ban energy drinks altogether. Some, including U.S. Senator Dick Durbin, say energy drinks use FDA loopholes to circumvent rules about caffeine content.

Motivated by the prospect of increased regulation, companies have slightly modified how they market energy drinks and soft drinks, especially to teens – a few have even altered their caffeine content and reclassified their products with the FDA as soft drinks, rather than dietary supplements. Chapter 5 outlines how energy drink and soft drink makers are choosing to list caffeine, including new marketing strategies by the ABA (American Beverage Association).

Conclusion

Energy drinks are as sweet, cold and bubbly as soda pop. They go down fast and easy. Some come in large containers, double or triple the size of a standard cup of coffee. Anyone could slurp up several cans in a day, especially thirsty athletes. But there’s a difference: energy drinks are often many times more caffeinated than sodas. Energy drinks can range from 50 to 500 mg of caffeine per container – while a 12-ounce can of Coke contains 34 mg of caffeine.

Energy shots aren’t bubbly. Most don’t even taste good. But since a 2-ounce shot amounts to just 1/4 cup, you can slam down 50 to 200 mg of caffeine in one or two quick gulps.

And this is where most criticism lies: With energy drinks and shots, it’s easy to quickly consume too much caffeine – especially unintentionally. Most people don’t realize that caffeine is biphasic: it’s safe in low to moderate doses, but can be risky in high doses. Soft drinks have a legal limit to the caffeine they may contain, and most are about as potent as brewed tea. Energy drinks and shots have no such limit. And just finding the amount of caffeine a product contains requires keen eyesight to read tiny print on labels, or in some cases, some online research.

Both soft drinks and energy drinks reflect flavors, packaging, and marketing designed to appeal to teenagers and children. But young people have brains and bodies that are still developing and don’t handle the drug’s effects in the same way as adults. From chocolates to coffee, and sodas to energy drinks, caffeine’s an everyday part of society. But no one wins when caffeine is taken in unsafe amounts. Chapter 11 dives deeper into the effects of caffeine in young people, as well as newborns and pregnant women.

In the next chapter: Store shelves buzz with new caffeinated products, from MIO to maple syrup, keeping everyone from Israeli pilots to average drivers alert.

Caffeine Basics: Table of Contents

6. Making Caffeine Work for You

January 6, 2013 By Kate Heyhoe

Be the caffeine-consumer you want to be. The next six chapters explore caffeine’s effects – so you can decide just what sort of relationship you want to have with caffeine.

Should caffeine be a take-it-or-leave-it acquaintance? A team player? A friend with benefits? A marriage partner to wake up with every morning? Or is your relationship with caffeine doomed, a heart-breaker that will never work? Perhaps you keep caffeine’s number on emergency speed dial, like the AAA tow truck that only shows up when your car breaks down.

Outdated research studies have clouded people’s understanding of how caffeine works, so these chapters focus on clearing up myths and misconceptions. Caffeine can be a great friend, or for some, it can be a foe. But for most of us, caffeine offers safe and attractive features, when taken in low to moderate doses.

Much Depends on You

The intensity of caffeine’s effects largely depends on you: your chemistry, your age, your sex, how your brain is wired, and your genes – which help determine if you’re a slow or fast metabolizer.

Why do people respond so differently to caffeine? Or conversely, why do people respond so similarly? Given that 90 percent of the world now consumes caffeine every day, this chapter poses the questions: Why is caffeine so important to humans? Is it good or bad for us?

Chapter 7, which follows this chapter, covers caffeine’s half-life, the length of time caffeine stays in a person’s system, and its biphasic nature, meaning low and high doses produce drastically different effects (more is not better). So if you want you want to skip ahead and then return to this part, that’s fine. The information in both chapters goes hand-in-hand.

Coming up: Is caffeine an evolutionary tool in the human toolbox?

Caffeine Basics: Table of Contents

Low or High Doses: Caffeine’s Biphasic Buzz

January 6, 2013 By Kate Heyhoe

Caffeine is safe in low doses, but high doses are risky

Caffeine is biphasic – meaning it delivers significantly different effects when taken at low doses than at high ones.

We see this in research studies, when subjects are given small or large amounts of caffeine. But you and I can also feel the difference.

The more caffeine you ingest doesn’t mean the better the buzz. In fact, caffeine’s most popular effects – feeling good, awake, and alert – happen at low to moderate doses (100-300 mg, or one to three cups of coffee, depending on the person).

At higher doses, caffeine intoxication sets in: jitters, heart palpitations, anxiety, nausea, increased blood pressure, and such. Feeling good turns to feeling bad.

When products deliver high amounts of caffeine in concentrated doses, it’s easy to ingest too much in a short period. People with heart conditions and young people are especially vulnerable to caffeine’s adverse effects. Some energy drinks, energy shots, caffeine powder, and certain “dietary supplements” are more likely to deliver risky doses of caffeine.

Being Smart About Research Results

More and more, caffeine seems to be good for us in many ways. It’s a promising but still mysterious substance. Research results tend to conclude with the admonition “More research is clearly needed.” Or, “The mechanisms of action that account for these effects are uncertain at this time.”

Research may suggest a correlation between caffeine and an end result, but we aren’t always sure what caffeine does to get to that result.

Correlation doesn’t automatically mean causality either; there may be other factors at play, such as other ingredients in the beverage (like antioxidants), or the genetic types of the subjects. Journalists, and researchers, constantly conflate coffee with caffeine, so it’s often hard to tell which substance is really the active player.

Many of caffeine’s adverse effects reported prior to the 21st century seem to have been disproved, or not substantiated. Faulty methodology, unknowns like the influence of genetics, small sample studies, cigarette smoking, and other factors have pretty much tossed most of the scary warnings about caffeine out the door. Some prudent warnings do remain because we just don’t know enough, like the effects on newborns.

In some studies, the amount of caffeine makes a difference in results; one cup of coffee or 100 mg may be as beneficial as drinking water (i.e., no special therapeutic effect), while others require a hefty four to six cups of coffee or the caffeinated equivalent, which is enough to throttle many drinkers into the jitter zone. To make things even more confusing, caffeine in coffee may not yield the same results as caffeine in tea, sodas or energy drinks, or these other beverages may not have been tested as rigorously as coffee.

Finally, potential conflicts of interest can influence the results or their interpretation. Trade associations for coffee, sodas and energy drinks, tea, and chocolate actively fund scientific research studies. They may have no influence on the results, but it’s good to know who’s paying the bills, especially when results are conflicting or suddenly groundbreaking.

Next up: It’s all about you! How your uniqueness determines caffeine’s effects…Head over to Chapter 7

Caffeine Basics: Table of Contents

8. Caffeine: Addiction, Withdrawal, Disorders

January 8, 2013 By Kate Heyhoe

If quitting caffeine has been on your mind, this is the chapter to read….

Got a caffeine habit? Welcome to the human race.

Ninety percent of the world consumes caffeine every day – as coffee, tea, chocolate, soda or other buzzed-up substance.

In Asia and Russia, tea is drunk from morning to night; and coffee’s hot in Japan and Korea.
In South America, people get their fix from coffee, guarana, or yerba mate (so many choices!).
In Brazil – the world’s main coffee supplier – even toddlers drink coffee at breakfast.
Coca-Cola peps up people of all ages, in all corners of the globe.

Chocolate lovers get a caffeine-fix, too. I don’t just drink caffeine, I devour it: two bites of dark chocolate punctuate my daily lunch.

Read on to find out why caffeine is a socially acceptable, habit-forming – and some say addictive – drug. Caffeine has plenty of benefits, but it’s still a drug that can get out of control. This chapter explains these caffeine-related medical conditions (some of their symptoms may sound very familiar):

Mental health conditions can worsen when combined with caffeine, and a famous legal battle was won using the so-called “Starbucks Defense.” This chapter also covers how much caffeine is safe and when it can be lethal.

But first, the next section asks: Are you addicted to caffeine, or it just a habit?…

Caffeine Basics: Table of Contents

Caffeine: Are You Addicted?

January 8, 2013 By Kate Heyhoe

If you consume caffeine every day, in a regular fashion, you’ve either got a habit or are addicted – pick the term you prefer.

Experts quibble over whether to call caffeine addictive or just habit-forming. The difference is somewhat a matter of semantics, but not entirely.

An addiction suggests self-destructive behavior, one that poses a threat to individuals or society, as in a heroin or cocaine addiction. For most of us, caffeine doesn’t match that type of downward spiral. Caffeine’s generally not emotionally or physically destructive, though it can be in some people, and that’s when experts consider it an addiction.

Caffeine does act like other addictive substances by tripping the reward and pleasure circuits of the brain (which explains a lot about its popularity). It is undeniably habit-forming, but most of us don’t experience adverse effects from typical doses. Caffeine can even have benefits, such as lifting depression and reducing certain cancer risks, or enhancing certain mental and physical tasks.

Whatever you call it, if you’re hooked on caffeine, don’t panic: clinically speaking, caffeine is only mildly addictive or habit-forming. Most people can easily quit caffeine, if they survive the withdrawal stage. Though intense, withdrawal symptoms typically pass in a matter of days.

How has your caffeine consumption changed? If you do have a caffeine habit, chances are you now take in more caffeine than when you first started. That’s normal. It’s known as developing tolerance. When you hit that sweet spot of daily consumption, not too strong or too weak, you’ve found your setpoint, which is covered in Chapter 7.

So if you do have a caffeine jones, relax. You’re in good company. But if you’ve not developed or don’t want a caffeine habit, some experts say there’s no reason to start one.

Caffeine: Deep Addiction or Mild Dependency?

It’s not easy to tell if someone’s on caffeine.

Caffeine’s not like alcohol; it may elevate your mood, but people don’t get giddy or use it to escape from their troubles. Caffeine doesn’t make you slur your words or walk funny.

It’s typically used to sustain or enhance functionality. We trust our lives to people on caffeine: airline pilots, teachers, firefighters, even the President of the United States. In dangerous situations, we might even prefer that these people be on caffeine, to boost their alertness and performance.

Caffeine is also self-regulating, as discussed earlier, which prevents most of us from spiraling into dramatically destructive scenarios. Once our hands start to shake, we turn off the caffeine tap.

True enough. But caffeine does have a real effect on reward circuits of the brain, one that is consistent with addiction. Breaking the caffeine habit includes the same physical and mental withdrawal symptoms that define a substance as addictive. When your hands shake, yet you’re still pouring caffeine, that’s a sign your habit is out of control.

Let’s revisit what caffeine does to our neural wiring: Caffeine stimulates dopamine, a source of feel-good effects. According to some experts, it does so in areas of the brain separate from where cocaine and harder stimulants activate the neural wiring. So, caffeine activates some reward circuits, but it may do so in a manageable way.

Perhaps it’s best to view caffeine as a mildly addictive substance, one that presents benign effects or adverse risks, depending on the user and quantity ingested. And keep in mind that caffeine is biphasic: low to moderate doses create profoundly different effects from those of high doses.

Symptoms of Caffeine Addiction

What are the symptoms of caffeine addiction? As the next section shows, there is a beast known as Caffeine Use Disorder, and you only need three symptoms to qualify…

Caffeine Basics: Table of Contents